Conducta alimentaria de Scarus coelestinus (Teleostei: Scaridae) en hábitats arrecifales del Parque Nacional Jardines de la Reina, Cuba
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13852467Palabras clave:
crestas, función ecológica, peces loro, tasa de alimentación, verilesResumen
Los peces loro (Teleostei: Scaridae) como Scarus guacamaia, S. coelestinus y S. coeruleus, se encuentran en peligro de extinción debido a la sobrepesca. Estos peces herbívoros son controladores de las macroalgas y claves para la resiliencia arrecifal. El objetivo de esta investigación fue describir la conducta alimentaria de S. coelestinus en dos hábitats de los arrecifes coralinos del Parque Nacional Jardines de la Reina, Cuba. Se llevaron a cabo censos visuales en 27 veriles y 19 crestas arrecifales entre 2019 y 2022. Cada pez muestreado fue seguido por 10 min en, aproximadamente, 80 min de buceo por sitio. La frecuencia de alimentación de 38 peces fue el doble en las crestas arrecifales, al parecer por una mayor disponibilidad de refugio. En ambos hábitats, las tasas de alimentación y defecación fueron bajas en comparación con las tasas encontradas en arrecifes de la Florida y del Caribe. Los resultados indicaron que S. coelestinus es raspadora y se alimenta principalmente del turf (> 50 %), y en menor porcentaje de algas articuladas calcáreas. Además, en las crestas se alimenta de algas coralinas costrosas y, en los veriles, de turf largo asociado con sedimento y macroalgas como Lobophora spp. La especie no consume coral y entre el 9-16 % de sus mordidas son en la esponja Cliona aprica (en especial en el veril). La composición de la población del pez loro (talla corporal y agrupación) y el tipo de hábitat influye en su función ecológica.
Recibido: 12.04.2024 Aceptado: 12.09.2024
Editor: Dra. Dorka Cobián Rojas
Descargas
Citas
Adam, T.C., Burkepile, D.E., Ruttenberg, B.I., Paddack, M.J. (2015a). Herbivory and the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs: Knowledge gaps and implications for management. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 520, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11170
Adam T.C., Kelley, M., Ruttenberg, B.I., Burkepile, D.E. (2015b). Resource partitioning along multiple niche axes drives functional diversity in parrotfishes on Caribbean coral reefs. Oecologia. 179, 1173−1185.
Adam, T.C., Duran, A., Fuchs, C.E., Roycroft, M.V., Rojas, M.C., Ruttenberg, B.I., Burkepile, D.E. (2018). Comparative analysis of foraging behaviour and bite mechanics reveals complex functional diversity among Caribbean parrotfishes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 597, 207–220.
Araya-Vargas, A., Busutil, L., García-Rojas, A. (2020) Evaluation of the community structure of marine sponges in reef patches of the southern Caribbean, Costa Rica. Bull. Mar. Coast. Res. 49 (1), 39–62.
Bellwood, D. R., Choat, J.H. (1990). A functional analysis of grazing in parrotfishes (family Scaridae): The ecological implications. Environ. Biol. Fish. 28, 189–214.
Bonaldo, R.M., Hoey, A.S., Bellwood, D.R. (2014). The ecosystem roles of parrotfishes on tropical reefs. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 52, 81−132.
Brown, J.L., Orians, G.H. (1970). Spacing patterns in mobile animals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 1, 239–262.
Brown, K.T., Bender-Champ, D., Bryant, D.E., Dove, S., Hoegh-Guldberg. O. (2017). Human activities influence benthic community structure and the composition of the coral-algal interactions in the central Maldives. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 497, 33–40.
Bruggemann, J.H., Kuyper, M.W., Breeman. A.M. (1994a). Comparative analysis of foraging and habitat use by the sympatric Caribbean parrotfish Scarus vetula and Sparisoma viride (Scaridae). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 112, 51–66.
Bruggemann, J.H., van Oppen, M.J., Breeman, A.M. (1994b). Foraging by the stoplight parrotfish Sparisoma viride. I. Food selection in different, socially determined habitats. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 106, 41-55.
Bruggemann, J.H., van Kessel, A.M., van Rooij, J.M., Breeman, A.M. (1996). Bioerosion and sediment ingestion by the Caribbean parrotfish Scarus vetula and Sparisoma viride: implications of fish size, feeding mode and habitat use. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 134, 59–71.
Bruckner A.W., Bruckner, R.J. (1998). Rapid-wasting disease: Pathogen or predator? Science. 279, 2019–2025.
Burkepile, D.E., Hay, M.E. (2008). Herbivore species richness and feeding complementarity affect community structure and function on a coral reef. PNAS. 105 (42), 16201–16206.
Burkepile, D.E. (2012). Context-dependent corallivory by parrotfishes in a Caribbean reef ecosystem. Coral Reefs. 31, 111–120 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-011-0824-5
Burkepile, D.E., Adam, T.C., Roycrof, M., Ladd, M.C., Munsterman, K.S., Ruttenberg, B.I. (2019). Species-specific patterns in corallivory and spongivory among Caribbean parrotfishes. Coral Reefs 38, 417–423.
Buckman, N.S., Ogden, J.C. (1973). Territorial behaviour of the striped parrotfish Scarus croicensis (Bloch Scaridae). Ecology. 54, 1377–1382.
Cardoso, S.C., Soares, M.C., Oxenford, H.A., Cote, I.M. (2009). Interspecific differences in foraging behaviour and functional role of Caribbean parrotfish. Marine Biodiversity Records. 2, ei48.
Castro-Sanguino, C., Bozec, I.M., Mumby, P.J. (2020). Dynamics of carbonate sediment production by Halimeda: implications for reef carbonate budgets. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 639, 91–106.
Catano, L.B., Gunn, B.K., Kelley, M.C., Burkepile, D.E. (2015). Predation Risk, Resource Quality, and Reef Structural Complexity Shape Territoriality in a Coral Reef Herbivore. PLoS ONE. 10 (2): e0118764. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118764
Catano, L.B., Barton, M.B., Boswell, K.M., Burkepile, D.E. (2016). Predator identity and time of day interact to shape the risk– reward trade‐off for herbivorous coral reef fishes. Oecologia. doi10.1007/s00442-016-3794-z
Chasqui, L., Polanco, A., Acero, A., Mejía-Falla, P., Navia, P., Zapata, L.A., Caldas, J.P. (Eds). (2017). Libro Rojo de peces marinos de Colombia. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras Invemar, Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. Serie de Publicaciones Generales INVEMAR, Colombia, 552 pp.
Chaves-Fonnegra, A., López-Victoria, M., Parra-Velandia, F., Zea, S. (2005). Ecología química de las esponjas excavadoras Cliona aprica, C. caribbaea, C. delitrix y C. tenuis. Bol. Invest. Mar. Cost. 34, 43-67.
Cissell, E.C., Manning, J.C., McCoy, S.J. (2019). Consumption of benthic cyanobacterial mats on a Caribbean coral reef. Sci Rep. 9, 12693.
Clements, K.D., German, D.P., Piché, J., Tribollet, A., Choat, J.H. (2017). Integrating ecological roles and trophic diversification on coral reefs: multiple lines of evidence identify parrotfishes as microphages. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 120, 729–751.
Cobián, D., Claro, R., Chavalier, P., Perera, S., Caballero, H. (2011). Estructura de las asociaciones de peces en los arrecifes coralinos del Parque Nacional Guanahacabibes, Cuba. Rev. Mar. Cost. 3, 153-169
de la Guardia, E., Cobián-Rojas, D., Martínez-Daranas, B., González-Díaz, P. (2018) Componentes más comunes de la flora y la fauna marina del Parque Nacional Cayos de San Felipe, Cuba. Rev. Invest. Mar. 38, 21−43
Dubin, R.E. (1981). Social behaviour and ecology of some Caribbean parrotfish (Scaridae). (Ph.D. Thesis), University of Alberta, Edmonton.
Dunlap, M., Pawlik, J.R. (1996). Video-monitored predation by Caribbean reef fishes on an array of mangrove and reef sponges. Mar. Biol. 126, 117–123.
Dunlap, M., Pawlik, J.R. (1998). Spongivory by Parrotfish in Florida Mangrove and Reef Habitats. Mar. Ecol. 19, 325–337 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.1998.tb00471.x
Duran, A., Claro, R. (2009). Actividad alimentaria de los peces herbívoros y su impacto en arrecifes con diferente nivel de degradación antrópica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3), 687-697.
Duran, A., Shantz, A.A., Burkepile, D.E., Collado-Vides, L., Ferrer, V.M., Palma, L., Ramos, A., González-Díaz, S.P. (2018). Fishing, pollution, climate change, and the long- term decline of coral reefs of Havana, Cuba. Bull Mar Sci. 94 (2), 1-16.
Duran, A., Adam, T., Palma, L., Moreno, S., Collado-Vides, L., Burkepile, D. (2019). Feeding behavior in Caribbean surgeonfishes varies across fish size, algal abundance, and habitat characteristics. Marine Ecology, e12561.
Evensen, N.R., Doropoulos, C., Wong, K.J., Mumby, P.J. (2019). Stage specific effects of Lobophora on the recruitment success of a reef- building coral. Coral Reefs. 38, 489–498.
Ford, A.K., Bejarano, S., Nugues, M.M., Visser, P.M., Albert, S., Ferse, S.C. (2018). Reefs under siege: the rise, putative drivers, and consequences of benthic cyanobacterial mats. Front. Mar. Sci. 5, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00018
Ford, A.K., Visser, P.M., van Herk, M.J., Jongepier, E., Bonito, V. (2021). First insights into the impacts of benthic cyanobacterial mats on fish herbivory functions on a nearshore coral reef. Scientific Reports. 11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84016-z1
Foster, N.L, Box, S.J., Mumby, P.J. (2008). Competitive effects of macroalgae on the fecundity of the reef-building coral Montastraea annularis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 367, 143–152.
Froese, R., Pauly, D. Editors. (2024). FishBase. World Register of Marine Species. www.fishbase.org, version
Gomi, K., Nakamura, Y., Kanda, M., Honda, K., Nakaoka, M., Honma, C., Adachi, M. (2021). Diel vertical movements and feeding behavior of blue humphead parrotfish Scarus ovifrons in a temperate reef of Japan. J. Fish. Biol. 99, 131–142.
González-Ferrer. (2004). Corales Pétreos, Jardines sumergidos de Cuba. Editorial Academia, Instituto de Oceanología, Cuba.
Harms-Tuohy, C.A. (2021a). Parrotfishes in the Caribbean: a regional review with recommendations for management. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1240. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb7855en
Harms-Tuohy, C.A. (2021b). Parrotfish spawning aggregations in the Caribbean -a brief review of historic and recent observations. Technical Report. Caribbean Fishery Management Council. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357352702
Harrell, C., Lirman, D. (2023). Dictyota defense: Developing effective chemical protection against intense fish predation for outplanted massive corals. PeerJ. 11, e14995
Hughes, T.P. (1994). Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of the Caribbean coral reef. Science. 265, 1547-1551.
Hughes, T.P., Rodrigues, M.J., Bellwood, D.R., Ceccarelli, D., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., McCook, L. Moltschaniwskij, N., Pratchett, M., Steneck, R., Willis, B. (2007). Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change. Current Biology. 17, 360–365.
Humann, P., Deloach, N., Wilk, L. (2013). Reef Creature Identification. Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas (3rd ed.). New World Publicationes Inc., U.S. Jacksonville.
Jackson, J.B.C., Donovan, M.K., Cramer, K.L., Lam, V.V. (eds) (2014). Status and Trends of Caríbbean Coral Reefs: 1970-2012. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Kuffner, I. B., Walters, L.J., Becerro, M.A., Paul, V.J., Ritson-Williams, R., Beach, K.S. (2006). Inhibition of coral recruitment by macroalgae and cyanobacteria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 323, 107–117.
Lellys, N.T., de Moura, R.L., Bonaldo, R.M., Francini-Filho, R.B., Gibran, F.Z. (2019). Parrotfish functional morphology and bioerosion on SW Atlantic reefs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 629, 149-163.
Littler, M.M., Littler, D.S. (1980). The evolution of thallus form and survival strategies in benthic marine macroalgae: field and laboratory tests of a functional form model. Am. Nat. 116, 25–44.
Littler, D.S., Littler, M.M. (2000). Caribbean Reef Plants. An Identification Guide to the Reef Plants of the Caribbean, Bahamas, Florida and Gulf of Mexico: Offshore Graphics, Washington D. C., EE.UU.
Loh, T.L., Pawlik, J.R. (2014). Chemical defenses and resource trade-offs structure sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs. En Overfishing of sponge predators, PNAS, 111 (11),3897-4346.
López-Victoria, M., Zea, S., Weil, E. (2003). New aspects on the biology of the encrusting excavating sponges Cliona aprica, Cliona caribbaea y Cliona sp. Boll. Mus. Ist. Biol. Univ. Genova, 68, 425-432.
Miller, M.W., Hay, M.E. (1998). Effects of fish predation and seaweed competition on the survival and growth of corals. Oecologia. 113, 231– 238 https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050373.
Manning, J.C., Mc.Coy, S.J. (2023a). Territoriality drives patterns of fixed space use in Caribbean parrotfishes. Ecology and Evolution. 13, e9833. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9833.
Manning, J.C., Mc.Coy, S.J. (2023b). Preferential consumption of benthic cyanobacterial mats by Caribbean parrotfishes. Coral Reefs. 42, 967–975 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-023-02404-5
Mumby, P.J. (2009). Herbivory versus corallivory: are parrotfish good or bad for Caribbean coral reefs? Coral Reefs. 28, 683–690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-009-0501-0
Mumby, P.J., Wabnitz, C.C. (2002). Spatial patterns of aggression, territory size, and harem size in five sympatric Caribbean parrotfish species. Environ. Biol. Fish. 63, 265–279.
Nava, H., Carballo, J.L. (2008). Chemical and mechanical bioerosion of boring sponges from Mexican Pacific coral reefs. J. Exp. Biol. 211, 2827–2831.
Navarro-Martínez, Z., Angulo-Valdés, J. (2015). Estado de conservación de la ictiofauna arrecifal en Parques Nacionales cubanos: una revisión. Rev. Ivest. Mar. 35 (1), 82-99.
Navarro-Martínez. Z.M., Maykel, A., Espinosa, L., Lake, J.J., Aprill, A. (2022). Taxonomic and functional assemblage structure of coral reef fishes from Jardines de la Reina (Caribbean Sea, Cuba). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 690, 113-132 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14049
NOM-059. (2019). Actualización de la NORMA Oficial Mexicana. Protección ambiental-Especies nativas de México de Flora y Fauna silvestres- Categorías en riesgo y especificaciones para inclusión o cambio-Lista de Especies en Riesgo.
Paddack, M.J., Cowen, R.K., Sponaugle, S. (2006). Grazing pressure of herbivorous coral reef fishes on low coral-cover reefs. Coral Reefs, 25, 461−472.
Pereira, R.C., Gama, B.A. (2008). Macroalgal Chemical Defenses and Their Roles in Structuring Tropical Marine Communities. Springer. C.D. Amsler (ed.), Algal Chemical Ecology.
Perry, C.T., Murphy, G.N., Kench, P.S., Edinger, E.N., Smithers, S.G., Steneck, R.S., Mumby, P.J. (2014). Changing dynamics of Caribbean reef carbonate budgets: emergence of reef bioeroders as critical controls on present and future reef growth potential. Proc. R. Soc. B. 281.
Pickholtz, R., Kiflawi, M., Crossin, G.T., Pickholtz, E., Zamsky, R., Kahan, I., Gavriel, T., Belmaker, J. (2022). Highly repetitive space-use dynamics in parrotfishes. Coral Reefs, 41, 1059–1073.
Pina-Amargós, F., González-Sansón, G., Jiménez del Castillo, A., Zallas, A., Martín-Blanco, F., Acosta, W., Movement of Adult Fish in the Jardines de la Reina Marine Reserve, Cuba. En: Grober-Dunsmore, R y B.D. Keller (Eds). (2008). Caribbean connectivity: Implications for marine protected area management. Proceedings of a Special Symposium, 127-144.
Pina-Amargós, F., Torres, H.S., López-Fernández, N. (2012). Ictiofauna del archipiélago Jardines de la Reina, Cuba. Rev. Invest. Mar. 32 (2), 54-65.
Pina Amargós, F., González-Sansón, G., Martín-Blanco, F., Valdivia, A. (2014). Evidence for protection of targeted reef fish on the largest marine reserve in the Caribbean. PeerJ, 2, e274. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.274
Pina Amargós, F., Figueredo-Martín., T., Rossi, N.A. (2021). The Ecology of Cuba's Jardines de la Reina: A review. Rev. Invest. Mar. 41(1), 2- 42.
Pina-Amargós, F., González-Díaz, P., González-Sansón, G., Aguilar-Betancourt, C., Rodríguez-Cueto, Y., Olivera-Espinosa, Y., Figueredo-Martín, T., Rey-Villiers, N., Arias Barreto, R., Cobián-Rojas, D., Claro, R., Perera-Valderrama, S., Navarro-Martínez, Z.M., de la Cruz, E.R., Durán, A., Cabrales-Caballero, Y., Espinosa-Pantoja, L., Hernández-González, Z., Caballero-Aragón, H., Chevalier-Monteagudo, P.P., González-Méndez, J., Hernández-Fernández, L., Castellanos-Iglesias, S., Lara, A., García-Rodríguez, A., Busutil, L., Reyes Suz, C.L., Hernández-Albernas, J.I., Semidey Ravelo, A., Alcolado Prieto, P. (2023). Status of Cuban Coral Reefs. En Zatlarski, V.N., Reed, J. K., Pomponi, S.A., Brooke, S., Farrington, S. (eds.). Coral Reefs of Cuba, Coral Reefs of the World, (18), (283-307 pp), Florida, Estados Unidos. Ed. Springer.
Reverter, M., Jackson, M., Daraghmeh, N., von Mach, C., Milton, N. (2020). 11-yr of coral community dynamics in reefs around Dahab (Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea): the collapse of urchins and rise of macroalgae and cyanobacterial mats. Coral Reefs. 39, 1605–1618.
Rocha, L.A., Choat, J.H., Clements, K.D., Ruddell, B., Myers, R., Lazuardi, M.E., Muljadi, A., Pardede, S., Rahardjo, P. (2012). Scarus coelestinu. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T190720A17793912. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK
Roff, G., Ledlie, M.H., Ortiz, J.C., Mumby, P.J. (2011). Spatial Patterns of Parrotfish Corallivory in the Caribbean: The Importance of Coral Taxa, Density and Size. PLoS ONE. 6 (12), 1-11.
Rotjan, R.D., Lewis, S.M. (2006). Parrotfish abundance and selective corallivory on a belizean coral reef. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 335, 292–301.
Rotjan, R.D., Lewis, S.M. (2008). Impact of coral predators on tropical reefs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 367, 73–91.
Ruttenberg, B.I., Adams, T.C., Duran, A., Burkepile, D.E. (2019). Identity of coral reef herbivores drives variation in ecological processes over multiple spatial scales. Ecological Aplications. 29 (4), e01893.
Scott, A.L., York, P.H., Duncan, C., Macreadie, P.I., Connolly, R.M., Ellis, M.T., Jarvis, J.C., Jinks, K.I., Marsh, H., Rasheed, M.A. (2018). The role of herbivory in structuring tropical seagrass ecosystem service delivery. Frontiers in Plant. Science. 9, 127.
Shantz, A.A., Ladd, M.C., Burkepile, D.E. (2020). Overfishing and the ecological impacts of extirpating large parrotfish from Caribbean coral reefs. Ecological Monographs. https://doi.org/01403.10.1002/ecm.1403
Sherman, K.D., Gómez, M.I., Kemenes, T., Dahlgren, C.P. (2022). Spatial and Temporal Variability in Parrotfish Assemblages on Bahamian Coral Reefs. Diversity, 14, 625 https://doi.org/10.3390/d14080625
Simas, D.L., Kaiser, C.R., Gestinari, L.M., Duarte, H.M., de Paula, J.C., Soares, A.R. (2014). Diterpenes from the brown seaweed Dictyota caribaea (Dictyotaceae, Phaeophyceae): the ecological and taxonomic significance. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 52 (1), 33–37 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BSE.2013.11.001
Smith, K.M., Quirk-Royal, B.E., Drake-Lavelle, K., Childress, M.J. (2018). Influences of ontogenetic phase and resource availability on parrotfish foraging preferences in the Florida keys, FL (USA). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 603, 175–187.
Steneck, R.S., Dethier, M.N. (1994). A functional group approach to the structure of algal-dominated communties. Oikos, 69, 476498.
Suárez, A.M., Daranas, B.M., Alfonso, Y. (2015). Macroalgas marinas de Cuba. Editorial UH. LA Habana, Cuba.
Suchley, A., Álvarez-Filip, L. (2017). Herbivory facilitates growth of a key reef- building Caribbean coral. Ecol. Evol.00, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3620.
Tamburello, N., Coté, I.M., Dulvy, N.K. (2015). Energy and the scaling of animal space use. The American Naturalist, 186, 196–211.
Titlyanov, E.A., Yakovleva, I.M., Titlyanova, T.V. (2007). Interaction between benthic algae (Lyngbya bouillonii, Dictyota dichotoma) and scleractinian coral Porites lutea in direct contact. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 342, 282–291.
Valles, H., Oxenford, H. (2018). Simple family-level parrotfish indicators are robust to survey method. Ecological indicators. 85, 244-252.
van Rooij J.M., de Jong, E., Vaandrager, F., Videler, J.J. (1996a). Resource and habitat sharing by the stoplight parrotfish Sparisoma viride a Caribbean reef herbivore. Environ. Biol. Fish. 47, 81–91.
van Rooij J.M., Kok, J.P., Videler, J.J. (1996b). Local variability in population structure and density of the protogynous reef herbivore Sparisoma viride. Environ. Biol. Fish. 47, 65–80.
van Rooij, J.M., Kroon, F.J., Videler, J.J. (1996c). The social and mating system of the herbivorous reef fish Sparisoma viride: One-male versus multi-male groups. Environ. Biol. Fish. 47, 353–378.
Vicente-Castro, P. (2020). Caracterización de comunidades de herbívoros en el arrecife aledaño a la calle 16, Miramar, La Habana, Cuba. (Tesis de Diploma), Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, Cuba.
Williams, S.L., Carpenter, R.C. (1988). Nitrogen-limited primary productivity of coral reef algal turfs: potential contribution of ammonium excreted by Diadema antillarum. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 47, 145-152.
Wilson, S.K., Bellwood, D.R., Choat, J.H., Furnas, M.J. (2003). Detritus in the epilithic algal matrix and its use by coral reef fishes. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review. 41, 279–309.
Wilson, M.W., Gaines, S.D., Stier, A.C., Halpern, B.S. (2021). Variation in herbivore grazing behavior across Caribbean reef sites. Marine Biology, 168, 53. https://doi/10.1007/s00227-021-03844-9
Wisshak, M., Schönberg, C.H., Form, A., Freiwald, A. (2012). Ocean acidification accelerates reef bioerosion. PLoS One. 7 (9), e45124
Wulff, J.L. (1997). Parrotfish predation on cryptic sponges of Caribbean coral reefs. Mar. Biol. 129, 41–52.
WoRMS Editorial Board. 2024. World Register of Marine Species. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.14284/170
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Revista de Investigaciones Marinas
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
Usted es libre de:
- Compartir — copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato
- Adaptar — remezclar, transformar y construir a partir del material
Bajo los siguientes términos:
-
Atribución — Usted debe dar crédito de manera adecuada, brindar un enlace a la licencia, e indicar si se han realizado cambios. Puede hacerlo en cualquier forma razonable, pero no de forma tal que sugiera que usted o su uso tienen el apoyo de la licenciante.
-
NoComercial — Usted no puede hacer uso del material con propósitos comerciales.
